Journal: Bioactive Materials

Article Title: Inhalable PD-L1-engineered hybrid cellular vesicles suppress excessive neutrophil activation and restore mitochondrial homeostasis to alleviate ischemia–reperfusion lung injury and pneumonia

doi: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2026.03.024

Figure Lengend Snippet: The schematic illustrates the nebulized inhalation of an integrated nanovesicle system (Res-PD-L1@nmEVs) alleviated inflammation, oxidative stress injury, neutrophil activation, and promote mitochondrial integrity to mitigate lung ischemia-reperfusion injury and MRSA-induced bacterial pneumonia.

Article Snippet: For assessing PD-L1 overexpression efficiency, the primary antibodies included PD-L1 (ET1701-4, HUABIO, China) and β-actin (66009-1, Proteintech, China).

Techniques: Activation Assay

Journal: Bioactive Materials

Article Title: Inhalable PD-L1-engineered hybrid cellular vesicles suppress excessive neutrophil activation and restore mitochondrial homeostasis to alleviate ischemia–reperfusion lung injury and pneumonia

doi: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2026.03.024

Figure Lengend Snippet: Characterization of Res-PD-L1@nmEVs . (A) Schematic illustration of the Res-PD-L1@nmEVs synthesis procedure. (B-D) Representative transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images, dynamic light scattering (DLS) size distributions, and zeta potential measurements of nEVs, PD-L1@mEVs, PD-L1@nmEVs, and Res-PD-L1@nmEVs. (E) PD-L1 expression in PD-L1-overexpressing MSCs (OE-PD-L1) and negative control (NC) MSCs, and CD11b expression in HL60 cells before and after DMSO stimulation, as determined by Western blot. (F) Expression levels of neutrophil membrane markers (CD11b, CXCR2, RAGE, TLR2) and the exosomal marker CD63 in the four EV types. (G) Fluorescence co-localization images of DiO-labeled nEVs (green) and DiL-labeled PD-L1@mEVs (red) after fusion, demonstrating hybrid vesicle formation. (H) Size stability of Res-PD-L1@nmEVs stored at 4 °C and 37 °C for 7 days. (I-K) Binding and neutralization capacity of Res-PD-L1@nmEVs against inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β) in vitro. ∗ vs. 0ug/ml; # vs. 100 μg/ml, p < 0.05, n = 5.

Article Snippet: For assessing PD-L1 overexpression efficiency, the primary antibodies included PD-L1 (ET1701-4, HUABIO, China) and β-actin (66009-1, Proteintech, China).

Techniques: Transmission Assay, Electron Microscopy, Zeta Potential Analyzer, Expressing, Negative Control, Western Blot, Membrane, Marker, Fluorescence, Labeling, Binding Assay, Neutralization, In Vitro

Journal: Bioactive Materials

Article Title: Inhalable PD-L1-engineered hybrid cellular vesicles suppress excessive neutrophil activation and restore mitochondrial homeostasis to alleviate ischemia–reperfusion lung injury and pneumonia

doi: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2026.03.024

Figure Lengend Snippet: Res-PD-L1@nmEVs Attenuate Inflammation and Oxidative Damage in Lung Epithelial Cells In Vitro . (A-B) Flow cytometric analysis and quantification (B) of DiO-labeled Res-PD-L1@nmEVs uptake by BEAS-2B cells under H/R conditions after pretreatment with different endocytic inhibitors (chlorpromazine, chloroquine, and filipin) or incubation at 4 °C. (C) mRNA expression levels of IL-6, TNF-α, and IL-1β in BEAS-2B cells with or without H/R injury following pretreatment with Res, nEVs, PD-L1@mEVs, PD-L1@nmEVs, or Res-PD-L1@nmEVs. (D-E) Representative fluorescence images (D) and quantitative analysis (E) of cell proliferation assessed by BrdU incorporation (red; nuclei stained with DAPI, blue). Scale bar: 50 μm. (F-G) Apoptosis rates detected by flow cytometry (F) and flow cytometric analysis of Annexin V-positive BEAS-2B cells under the indicated conditions (G). (H–K) Fluorescence microscopy images and quantitative analysis of intracellular nitric oxide (NO, green) (H-I) and reactive oxygen species (ROS, red) (J-K). Scale bar: 100 μm. (L) Flow cytometry analysis of intracellular ROS levels. (M − O) Levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) (M), superoxide dismutase 2 (SOD2) activity (N), and glutathione (GSH) content (O) in cells. (P-Q) Cell migration ability evaluated by wound healing assay under different treatments. ∗ vs. Control; # vs. H/R; & vs. H/R + PD-L1@nmEVs, p < 0.05.

Article Snippet: For assessing PD-L1 overexpression efficiency, the primary antibodies included PD-L1 (ET1701-4, HUABIO, China) and β-actin (66009-1, Proteintech, China).

Techniques: In Vitro, Labeling, Incubation, Expressing, Fluorescence, BrdU Incorporation Assay, Staining, Flow Cytometry, Microscopy, Activity Assay, Migration, Wound Healing Assay, Control

Journal: Bioactive Materials

Article Title: Inhalable PD-L1-engineered hybrid cellular vesicles suppress excessive neutrophil activation and restore mitochondrial homeostasis to alleviate ischemia–reperfusion lung injury and pneumonia

doi: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2026.03.024

Figure Lengend Snippet: Res-PD-L1@nmEVs Restores Mitochondrial Homeostasis and Improves Energy Metabolism BEAS-2B cells were pretreated with Res, nEVs, PD-L1@mEVs, PD-L1@nmEVs, or Res-PD-L1@nmEVs followed by H/R stimulation for subsequent analysis. (A) Representative immunofluorescence images showing the expression and localization of PINK1 (green) and the mitochondrial marker TOMM20 (red), indicating activation of mitophagy. Nuclei were stained with DAPI (blue). Scale bar: 50 μm. (B) Quantitative analysis of PINK1 fluorescence intensity. (C) Expression and localization of autophagy-related proteins LC3B and Beclin-1 detected by immunofluorescence. (D-E) Quantitative analysis of LC3B (D) and Beclin-1 (E) fluorescence intensity. (F) Mitochondrial membrane potential assessed by JC-1 staining and flow cytometry. (G) Oxygen consumption rate (OCR) profiles of lung epithelial cells under different treatments. (H-K) Key mitochondrial respiration parameters: basal respiration (H), maximal respiration (I), proton leak (J), and ATP production (K). (L) Representative confocal microscopy images of mitochondria stained with MitoTracker (green) and lysosomes stained with LysoTracker (red), demonstrating mitochondrial-lysosomal colocalization. Scale bar: 5 μm ∗ vs. Control; # vs. H/R; & vs. H/R + PD-L1@nmEVs, p < 0.05.

Article Snippet: For assessing PD-L1 overexpression efficiency, the primary antibodies included PD-L1 (ET1701-4, HUABIO, China) and β-actin (66009-1, Proteintech, China).

Techniques: Immunofluorescence, Expressing, Marker, Activation Assay, Staining, Fluorescence, Membrane, Flow Cytometry, Confocal Microscopy, Control

Journal: Bioactive Materials

Article Title: Inhalable PD-L1-engineered hybrid cellular vesicles suppress excessive neutrophil activation and restore mitochondrial homeostasis to alleviate ischemia–reperfusion lung injury and pneumonia

doi: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2026.03.024

Figure Lengend Snippet: Res-PD-L1@nmEVs Suppresses Neutrophil Activation HL60 cells were differentiated into neutrophil-like cells using DMSO and subsequently stimulated with TNF-α to induce activation under conditions simulating IRI. The effects of Res, nEVs, PD-L1@mEVs, PD-L1@nmEVs, and Res-PD-L1@nmEVs on neutrophil activation were evaluated. (A) Cell surface PD-1 expression analyzed by flow cytometry. (B) Representative immunofluorescence images of CD206 expression (red). Nuclei were stained with DAPI (blue). Scale bar: 50 μm. (C) Flow cytometric analysis of cell surface CD206 expression. (D) Flow cytometric analysis of cell surface CD95 expression. (E-G) Levels of myeloperoxidase (MPO) (E), neutrophil elastase (NE) (F), and MMP-9 (G) in neutrophil culture supernatants, measured by ELISA. (H-J) BEAS-2B cells were co-cultured with neutrophils in the presence or absence of TNF-α stimulation. Apoptosis levels (I) and migration capacity (J) of BEAS-2B cells were assessed under different treatment conditions. ∗ vs. Control; # vs. TNF-a; & vs. TNF-a+PD-L1@nmEVs, p < 0.05.

Article Snippet: For assessing PD-L1 overexpression efficiency, the primary antibodies included PD-L1 (ET1701-4, HUABIO, China) and β-actin (66009-1, Proteintech, China).

Techniques: Activation Assay, Expressing, Flow Cytometry, Immunofluorescence, Staining, Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay, Cell Culture, Migration, Control

Journal: Bioactive Materials

Article Title: Inhalable PD-L1-engineered hybrid cellular vesicles suppress excessive neutrophil activation and restore mitochondrial homeostasis to alleviate ischemia–reperfusion lung injury and pneumonia

doi: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2026.03.024

Figure Lengend Snippet: Nebulized Res-PD-L1@nmEVs Target and Attenuate Lung Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury (A) Experimental timeline: rats undergoing lung IRI received nebulized treatments (Res, nEVs, PD-L1@mEVs, PD-L1@nmEVs, or Res-PD-L1@nmEVs) before ischemia and after reperfusion, with sample collection 2 h post-reperfusion. (B) Ex vivo organ fluorescence imaging 24 h after intravenous or bronchial nebulization of DiR-labeled Res-PD-L1@nmEVs. (C) In vivo lung distribution of nebulized DiL-labeled PD-L1@mEVs and PD-L1@nmEVs evaluated using a small animal dynamic imaging system. Blue: CD31 (vascular marker), Red: DiL. (D-E) Quantitative fluorescence intensity in ex vivo organs (heart, liver, spleen, lungs, kidneys) at 0–24 h after bronchial nebulization of DiR-labeled Res-PD-L1@nmEVs in Sham and IRI groups. (F-G) Representative H&E-stained lung sections (F) and corresponding lung injury scores (G). (H) Lung wet/dry weight ratio. (I-K) Levels of inflammatory cytokines in lung tissue. (L-N) Pulmonary oxidative stress markers: T-SOD2 activity (L), GSH/GSSG ratio (M), and MDA content (N). (O) Representative fluorescence images of ROS in lung tissue. Scale bar: 50 μm. (P-R) Immunofluorescence staining and co-localization of tight junction proteins Occludin-1 (green) and ZO-1 (red) in lung tissues (DAPI: blue). Scale bar: 50 μm. Quantitative analysis of ZO-1 (Q) and Occludin-1 (R) fluorescence intensity. ∗ vs. Sham; # vs. IRI; & vs. IRI + PD-L1@nmEVs, p < 0.05.

Article Snippet: For assessing PD-L1 overexpression efficiency, the primary antibodies included PD-L1 (ET1701-4, HUABIO, China) and β-actin (66009-1, Proteintech, China).

Techniques: Ex Vivo, Fluorescence, Imaging, Labeling, In Vivo, Marker, Staining, Activity Assay, Immunofluorescence

Journal: Bioactive Materials

Article Title: Inhalable PD-L1-engineered hybrid cellular vesicles suppress excessive neutrophil activation and restore mitochondrial homeostasis to alleviate ischemia–reperfusion lung injury and pneumonia

doi: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2026.03.024

Figure Lengend Snippet: Res-PD-L1@nmEVs Suppresses Neutrophil Activation and Preserves Mitochondrial Integrity via PD-L1 Delivery (A-B) Rats subjected to lung IRI received nebulized administration of different formulations (Res, nEVs, PD-L1@mEVs, PD-L1@nmEVs, or Res-PD-L1@nmEVs) before ischemia and after reperfusion. Lung tissues were collected 2 h post-reperfusion. (A) Representative immunofluorescence images showing the expression and localization of CD11b (green), MPO (red), and PD-1 (yellow) in lung sections across treatment groups. (B) Enlarged view of the IRI group from (A). (C-D) mRNA levels of CD95 (C) and CD206 (D) in lung tissues. (E-F) Levels of myeloperoxidase (MPO) (E) and matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) (F) in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF). (G-I) (G) Representative transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images of lung tissues (scale bar: 2 μm). (H) Proportion of damaged mitochondria. (I) Average number of mitophagic events per cell. (J) Immunofluorescence co-localization of mitochondrial marker TOMM20 (red) and EpCAM (green) in lung tissues (nuclei stained with DAPI, scale bar: 50 μm). (K-L) Protein expression levels of Beclin-1 (K) and LC3 (L) in lung tissues, with insets showing immunofluorescence co-localization of Beclin-1 (green) and LC3 (red) across treatment groups (nuclei stained with DAPI, scale bar: 50 μm). ∗ vs. Sham; # vs. IRI; & vs. IRI + PD-L1@nmEVs, p < 0.05.

Article Snippet: For assessing PD-L1 overexpression efficiency, the primary antibodies included PD-L1 (ET1701-4, HUABIO, China) and β-actin (66009-1, Proteintech, China).

Techniques: Activation Assay, Immunofluorescence, Expressing, Transmission Assay, Electron Microscopy, Marker, Staining

Journal: Bioactive Materials

Article Title: Inhalable PD-L1-engineered hybrid cellular vesicles suppress excessive neutrophil activation and restore mitochondrial homeostasis to alleviate ischemia–reperfusion lung injury and pneumonia

doi: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2026.03.024

Figure Lengend Snippet: Transcriptomic Analysis Reveals the Mechanism of Res-PD-L1@nmEVs Against IRI-Induced Lung Injury (A-B) Transcriptome sequencing of lung tissues from the Res-PD-L1@nmEVs-treated IRI group (N = 3) and the IRI-only group (N = 3). (A) Volcano plot and (B) heatmap display differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between the IRI + Res-PD-L1@nmEVs and IRI groups. (C-D) GO term and KEGG pathway enrichment analyses of upregulated DEGs after Res-PD-L1@nmEVs treatment. (E-F) GO term and KEGG pathway enrichment analyses of downregulated DEGs following Res-PD-L1@nmEVs treatment. (G-J) Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA) revealed enrichment in energy metabolism pathways (G) (TCA cycle and oxidative phosphorylation), biosynthetic pathways (H) (ribosome, amino acid biosynthesis, DNA replication), immune pathways (I) (allograft rejection, PD-L1 expression and PD-1 checkpoint pathway), and inflammatory responses (J) (chemokine signaling pathway, ECM-receptor interaction, cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction).

Article Snippet: For assessing PD-L1 overexpression efficiency, the primary antibodies included PD-L1 (ET1701-4, HUABIO, China) and β-actin (66009-1, Proteintech, China).

Techniques: Sequencing, Phospho-proteomics, Expressing

Journal: Bioactive Materials

Article Title: Inhalable PD-L1-engineered hybrid cellular vesicles suppress excessive neutrophil activation and restore mitochondrial homeostasis to alleviate ischemia–reperfusion lung injury and pneumonia

doi: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2026.03.024

Figure Lengend Snippet: Res-PD-L1@nmEVs Effectively Attenuates MRSA-Induced Pneumonia (A-B) Rats with MRSA-induced pneumonia received three bronchial nebulization treatments over one week with different formulations (Res, nEVs, PD-L1@mEVs, PD-L1@nmEVs, or Res-PD-L1@nmEVs). (A) Representative H&E-stained lung sections and (B) corresponding lung injury scores are shown (n = 5). (C) TUNEL staining of lung tissues to assess apoptosis. (D) Representative micro-CT images of anesthetized rats. (E-G) Flow cytometric analysis of immune cell proportions in lung single-cell suspensions: CD8 + T cells (E), neutrophils (F), and classical monocytes (G). (H-J) Plasma levels of inflammatory cytokines IL-6 (H), IL-1β (I), and TNF-α (J) (n = 5). (K) Immunofluorescence staining of tight junction proteins Occludin (green) and ZO-1 (red) in lung tissues (nuclei stained with DAPI). Scale bar: 50 μm. (L-N) Pulmonary function parameters: lung compliance (L), airway resistance (M), and oxygenation index (N) (n = 4). ∗ vs. Sham; # vs. MRSA; & vs. MRSA + PD-L1@nmEVs, p < 0.05.

Article Snippet: For assessing PD-L1 overexpression efficiency, the primary antibodies included PD-L1 (ET1701-4, HUABIO, China) and β-actin (66009-1, Proteintech, China).

Techniques: Staining, TUNEL Assay, Micro-CT, Single Cell, Clinical Proteomics, Immunofluorescence

Journal: Journal of Nuclear Medicine

Article Title: PD-L1 Immuno-PET Reveals Systemic Effects of Localized Oncolytic Virotherapy in a Mouse Model of Head and Neck Cancer

doi: 10.2967/jnumed.125.270922

Figure Lengend Snippet: (A) Representative fluorescent images of MOC1 and MOC2 cells after 48 h of incubation with increasing titers of GFP-expressing RP1-15. GFP shown in gray scale. (B) MOC1 and MOC2 cell viability after 48 h with increasing RP1 titers in vitro, assessed via CellTiter-Glo assay. Significance determined using 1-way ANOVA with Dunnett test. RLU = relative light units.

Article Snippet: The MOC2( PD-L1 ) cell line was generated in our laboratory to overexpress PD-L1 by transducing MOC2 cells with a lentiviral vector carrying the murine CD274 gene tagged with a green fluorescent protein (GFP) reporter (MR 203953L2; OriGene Technologies).

Techniques: Incubation, Expressing, In Vitro, Glo Assay

Journal: Redox Biology

Article Title: PD-L1-targeted photodynamic therapy orchestrates checkpoint blockade and immunogenic cell death for synergistic cancer immunotherapy

doi: 10.1016/j.redox.2026.104075

Figure Lengend Snippet: Schematic illustration of the PD-L1-targeted photosensitizer chimera and its dual mechanism of action in cancer photoimmunotherapy. ( a ) Schematic structure of the PDTAC molecule. ( b ) Principle of singlet oxygen generated from photosensitizer. ( c ) Synergistic effects of PD-L1-drgradation and ICD-induction in cancer photoimmunotherapy.

Article Snippet: The expression level of PD-L1 in MDA-MB-231 cells was tested using western blotting assays with PD-L1 polyclonal antibodies from three different brand (Abcam, Proteintech and Cell Signaling Technology).

Techniques: Generated

Journal: Redox Biology

Article Title: PD-L1-targeted photodynamic therapy orchestrates checkpoint blockade and immunogenic cell death for synergistic cancer immunotherapy

doi: 10.1016/j.redox.2026.104075

Figure Lengend Snippet: Synthesis and characterization of the PDTAC molecules. ( a ) Synthesis of PDTACs by SPPS. ( b ) Summary of the binding affinities toward PD-L1 measured by SPS. ( c ) Measurements of the binding affinity of PPA-VPF, PPA and VPF toward PD-L1 using SPR. ( d ) UV-Vis absorption spectra of PPA-VPF and VPF and in PBS or PBS/ACN (1:1). ( e ) Fluorescence spectra of PPA-VPF and VPF in PBS or PBS/ACN (1:1). ( f ). Amount of singlet oxygen generated from VPF and PPA-VPF (20 μM) in PBS or PBS/ACN (1:1) measured by EPR using 4-hydroxy-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine (4-OH-TEMP, 200 mM) as the spin trap. Light irradiation was performed using a 300 W Xenon arc lamp with a 600 nm bandpass filter (∼1.5 mW/cm 2 ) for the designated time.

Article Snippet: The expression level of PD-L1 in MDA-MB-231 cells was tested using western blotting assays with PD-L1 polyclonal antibodies from three different brand (Abcam, Proteintech and Cell Signaling Technology).

Techniques: Binding Assay, Fluorescence, Generated, Irradiation

Journal: Redox Biology

Article Title: PD-L1-targeted photodynamic therapy orchestrates checkpoint blockade and immunogenic cell death for synergistic cancer immunotherapy

doi: 10.1016/j.redox.2026.104075

Figure Lengend Snippet: Targeting of PPA-VPF to PD-L1 in cancer cells. (a) Distribution of PPA-VPF or VPF in MC38 WT and PD-L1 KO cells revealed by confocal microscopy. Western blotting confirms PD-L1 knockout efficiency with β-actin as a loading control. (b) PD-L1 expression (green) and distribution of PPA-VPA or VPF (red) in MDA-MB-231 cells and MCF-7 cells at a concentration of 1 μM (incubated for 8 h). (c) Cellular adhesion of PPA-VPF and VPF in two breast cancer cell lines. (d) Time dependence of the cellular uptake of PPA-VPF and VPF in MDA-MB-231 cells. Scale bars represent 20 μm.

Article Snippet: The expression level of PD-L1 in MDA-MB-231 cells was tested using western blotting assays with PD-L1 polyclonal antibodies from three different brand (Abcam, Proteintech and Cell Signaling Technology).

Techniques: Confocal Microscopy, Western Blot, Knock-Out, Control, Expressing, Concentration Assay, Incubation

Journal: Redox Biology

Article Title: PD-L1-targeted photodynamic therapy orchestrates checkpoint blockade and immunogenic cell death for synergistic cancer immunotherapy

doi: 10.1016/j.redox.2026.104075

Figure Lengend Snippet: In vitro photodegradation of PD-L1 in cancer cells. Analysis of PD-L1 abundance by western blotting ( a ), flow cytometry ( b, c ) and confocal imaging ( d ) in MDA-MB-231 cells. ( e ) Time dependence of PD-L1 degradation after PPA-VPF treatment and the blocking effect of chloroquine. ( f ) Coomassie blue staining of PD-L1 photolyzed in mixed solution (concentrations of PPA, PPA-VPF and VPF were 10 μM). ( g ) Time dependence of cellular PD-L1 distribution (green) after incubation with PPA-VPF (red). ( h ) Two mechanisms by which PPA-VPF degrades PD-L1 in cells. Irradiation was performed using a 300 W Xenon arc lamp (600 nm bandpass filter, 1.5 mW/cm 2 ) for the designated time. Scale bars represent 20 μm.

Article Snippet: The expression level of PD-L1 in MDA-MB-231 cells was tested using western blotting assays with PD-L1 polyclonal antibodies from three different brand (Abcam, Proteintech and Cell Signaling Technology).

Techniques: In Vitro, Western Blot, Flow Cytometry, Imaging, Blocking Assay, Staining, Incubation, Irradiation

Journal: Redox Biology

Article Title: PD-L1-targeted photodynamic therapy orchestrates checkpoint blockade and immunogenic cell death for synergistic cancer immunotherapy

doi: 10.1016/j.redox.2026.104075

Figure Lengend Snippet: PPA-VPF resulting in immunogenic cell death in cancer cells. ( a ) Dose-dependent cytotoxicity of PPA-VPF under irradiation (5 min twice) in MC38 and PD-L1-KO-MC38 cells, and ( b ) in MDA-MB-231 (PD-L1 high) and MCF-7 (PD-L1 low) cells. ( c ) Dose-dependent cytotoxicity of PPA-VPF or VPF under irradiation (5 min twice) in normal 293T cells. HMGB1 release ( d ) and ATP release ( e ) from 4T1, MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cells photo-irradiated with VPF or PPA-VPF. ( f - g) Maturation of BMDCs cocultured with dying 4T1 cells photoirradiated with VPF or PPA-VPF. Irradiation was performed using a 300 W Xenon arc lamp (600 nm bandpass filter, 1.5 mW/cm 2 ) for the designated time. PPV was tested for comparison, and LPS (100 ng/mL) was used as a positive control.

Article Snippet: The expression level of PD-L1 in MDA-MB-231 cells was tested using western blotting assays with PD-L1 polyclonal antibodies from three different brand (Abcam, Proteintech and Cell Signaling Technology).

Techniques: Irradiation, Comparison, Positive Control

Journal: Redox Biology

Article Title: PD-L1-targeted photodynamic therapy orchestrates checkpoint blockade and immunogenic cell death for synergistic cancer immunotherapy

doi: 10.1016/j.redox.2026.104075

Figure Lengend Snippet: Antitumor activity of PPA-VPF in mice engrafted with bilateral 4T1 tumors. ( a ) Procedures of tumor treatment. Growth curves, tumor growth inhibition rate and images of dissected xenografts of primary tumors ( b ) and distant tumodrs ( c ) with the indicated treatment in Balb/c mice xenografted with 4T1. ( d ) H&E staining and TUNEL analysis of the primary tumors after the indicated treatment. ( e ) Growth curve of 4T1 tumors in Balb/c nude mice with the indicated treatment. ( f ) Frequency of CD8 + CD3 + T cells in tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes and frequency of IFN-γ + CD8 + effector T cells in total CD8 + T cells collected from mice tumors after the indicated treatment . Quantification of relative PD-L1 content based on western blotting ( g ) and immunofluorescent staining of PD-L1 ( h ) in the primary tumors at the endpoint of the indicated treatment.

Article Snippet: The expression level of PD-L1 in MDA-MB-231 cells was tested using western blotting assays with PD-L1 polyclonal antibodies from three different brand (Abcam, Proteintech and Cell Signaling Technology).

Techniques: Activity Assay, Inhibition, Staining, TUNEL Assay, Western Blot

Journal: Redox Biology

Article Title: PD-L1-targeted photodynamic therapy orchestrates checkpoint blockade and immunogenic cell death for synergistic cancer immunotherapy

doi: 10.1016/j.redox.2026.104075

Figure Lengend Snippet: Therapeutic response in MC38 and CT26 xenograft models. ( a ) Tumor growth curves from C57BL/6J mice (n = 4) with primary tumor samples. Treatment groups: vehicle control (PBS), PD-L1 KO, PPA-VPF (8 mg/kg), and PD-L1 KO with PPA-VPF. Light irradiation was performed using a 689 nm laser 24 h (PPA-VPF) or 30 min (VPF) after injection (100 mW/cm 2 for 8 min). ( b ) The xenografts obtained at the endpoint of the indicated treatments. ( c ) Tumor growth curves with representative primary tumor specimens from BALB/c mice (n = 4). ( d ) The images of dissected xenografts of primary tumors and distant tumors with the indicated treatment. Treatment groups: vehicle control (PBS), monotherapy PD-L1 antibody (5 mg/kg every three days over a 12-day course), monotherapy PPA-VPF (8 mg/kg every two days, administered thrice), combination therapy (PPA-VPF + PD-L1 antibody). Data represent mean ± SD. ( e ) IHC staining and analysis of CD3 expression in CT26 primary tumor following treatment PPA-VPF and PD-L1 antibody. Scale bar represents 10 μm.

Article Snippet: The expression level of PD-L1 in MDA-MB-231 cells was tested using western blotting assays with PD-L1 polyclonal antibodies from three different brand (Abcam, Proteintech and Cell Signaling Technology).

Techniques: Clinical Proteomics, Control, Irradiation, Injection, Immunohistochemistry, Expressing